If Conditionals

If Clause iki cümlecikten oluşur: “if clause ve temel cümle. “If in bağlı bulunduğu cümlede koşulu, temel cümlede ise, o koşul yerine geldiğinde olabilecek eylemi, yani sonucu ifade ederiz. Cümleye “if “clause ya da temel cümle ile başlamak anlamı değiştirmez. Ancak, “if clause cümle başında yer aldığında temel cümleye geçerken virgül kullanılır.

You can be more healthy if you go on diet.
Conditional sentence        main clause
If the weather isn’t cold, we can have a picnic together this afternoon.
main clause                     conditional clause

TYPE 1 : TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE

İçinde bulunduğumuz anda ya da gelecekte, belli bir koşul yerine geldiğinde olabilecek olayları ifade eder. Temel olarak kullanabileceğimiz tense’ler, “if’li cümlede Simple Present (do/does), temel cümlede ise Simple Future (will/shall) dur.

• If the teacher speaks more clearly, the students will understand him very well.
• If you are very busy, you needn’t phone him this evening.
• I will visit my parents after work if I have time.
• They will come to the cinema with us if they leave work early enough.

“If”in bağlı olduğu cümledeki eylem gelecek zamana ait olduğunda da future tense yerine simple present kullanılır. Cümleye gelecek zaman anlamını temel cümlede future tense kullanarak verebiliriz.

• Perhaps she will come tomorrow. Then we will study together.
• If she comes tomorrow, we will study together.
• Perhaps she will get her salary next week. Then she’ll pay back what she owes me.
• If she gets her salary next week, she will pay back what she owes me.
• Perhaps there will be another rise in prices soon. Then everybody will suffer a lot.
• If there is another rise in prices soon, everybody will suffer a lot.
• Perhaps they won’t invite us to their party. Then I shall never speak to them again.
• If they don’t invite us to their party. I shall never speak to them again.
• Perhaps it won’t be her day-off tomorrow. Then I’ll go shopping alone.
• If it isn’t her day-off tomorrow, I’ll go shopping alone.

TYPE-1 “IF ” CLAUSE ILE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ DIGER TENSE’LER

“If ’ li cümlede simple present, temel cümlede future tense kullanımının dışında, gerek if clause’da gerekse temel cümlede başka yapılar da kullanabiliriz.

TEMEL CUMLEDE KULLANABILECEGiMiZ YAPILAR:

a) “Will”in varyasyonları (will be doing, will have done, will have been doing)
She applied to a computer firm last week, and she may get the job.
If she is hired, she will be working there as a sales representative next month.
If I start to study right away, I will have finished my work by the time you come back from shopping. Then we can drink our afternoon tea together.
She has been working for us for exactly ten years now. and if everything goes all right, she will have been working here for fifteen years by the time she
retires.

b) May/Might (Possibility)
If the weather continues like this, we may/might cancel the garden party at the weekend.
(Perhaps we will cancel the party.)
If inflation keeps rising at its present rate, there may/might be another devaluation.
(Perhaps there will be another devaluation.)

c) May (permission) or can (permission or ability)
If you finish the test earlier than expected, you may/can leave the classroom, (permission)
If it stops raining soon, you can play in the garden, (permission or ability)

d) Must, have to, have got to (necessity); should, ought to, had better (advisability) or any expression of command, request or advice

If you don’t want to be late for the beginning of the film, you have to/must/have got to leave at once.
If you want to get rid of this cold, you should/ought to follow the doctor’s Instructions.
If she doesn’t want to be fired, she had better be punctual.
If you want to keep fit, stop smoking and take up a sport.
If you don’t want to put on weight, don’t eat so much.
If you don’t have anything to do now. can you do the dishes for me?
If the film Isn’t worth seeing. I would rather have an early night.
If the weather is nice at the weekend, why don’t we have a picnic?
shall we have a picnic? let’s have a picnic.

e) The Simple Present Tense
Temel cümlede Simple Present kullanımı çok yaygın değildir. Ancak, alışkanlıklarımızdan. belli bir koşul yerine geldiğinde genelde yaptığımız eylemlerden ve doğa olaylarından söz ediyorsak. temel cümlede Simple Present kullanabiliriz.
If someone shouts at me when I don’t deserve it, I get angry, (general)
If I get hungry before lunch time, I usually eat a few biscuits to satisfy my hunger, (general)
If you boll water, it evaporates, (“will evaporate” de kullanılır.)
If the temperature drops below O°C. water freezes, (“water will freeze” de mumkun.)

“IF ” CLAUSE İLE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR:

“If’li cümlede en çok kullanılan tense. Simple Present Tense’dir. Bunun yanı sıra kullanabileceğimiz yapıları şöyle sıralayabiliriz:

a) Can (permission or ability)
If you can pass the university exam, you will be one of the lucky ones, (ability)
If one can speak two or more foreign languages, it is easier to find a proper job. (ability)
If you can leave work earlier tomorrow, shall we meet to go to the cinema?

b) Have to (necessity)
Normally, it is my off day tomorrow, but I may have to go to work to finish the project.
If I have to go to work. I’ll let you know.
She has an exam tomorrow, so she has to prepare for it tonight.
If she has to study tonight, she won’t be able to come to the cinema with us.

c) Present Continuous Tense
Eğer konuşma sırasında devam etmekte olan bir eylemi ifade ediyorsak, “if clause’da Present Continuous Tense kullanabiliriz.
If you are looking for your slippers, they are under the cupboard.
– Shall I put the macaroni into the pot?
– If the water is boiling, you can put it in.
We ran tell her the good news as soon as we get home if she isn’t sleeping.

d) Present Perfect Tense
“If’li cümlede Present’ Perfect Tense’i. “Eger işini bitirdiysen. tamamladıysan” gibi anlamlar vermek içjn kullanabiliriz.
If you have finished reading that book, can I borrow it for a while? If you have finished your lunch. I’ll ask the waiter for the bill. If you haven’t seen
that film yet. we can go to see it tomorrow.

e) Should
“If’li cümlede “should” kullanmamız. olasılığın biraz daha az olduğunu vurgular.
If you need any help. I can help you.
If you should need any help. 1 can help you.

Bu iki cümle arasında çok önemli bir fark yoktur. Ancak “If you should need…” ifadesinde olasılık biraz daha azdır. Yani “Yardıma ihtiyacın olmaz ama, eğer ihtiyaç duyacak olursan…”gibi bir anlam ifade etmektedir.

Probably you won’t see him tomorrow. But If you should see him, can you give him a message?
I don’t think it will rain tomorrow. But if it should rain, we will have to cancel the picnic.

TYPE 2: UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE

Type 2- if clause, içinde bulunduğumuz anda ya da gelecekte olacak bir olayın tersini düşünüp koşul ileri sürmek ve bu hayali koşulun sonucunu ifade etmek için kullanılır. Bu nedenle, kullanabileceğimiz tense’ ler, gerçeği ifade etmek için kullanacağımız tense’lerden bir derece daha past olmalıdır. Yani, will yerine would, can yerine could, do yerine did kullanmak gibi…

Truth : I don’t have enough money now, so I can’t lend you any to buy that shirt, (present)
(Şu anda yeterli param yok. Bu yuzden. o gomlegl alman ic.in sana para veremem.)

Conditional Sentence : If I had enough money now, I would lend you some to buy that shirt. (Past tense kullanmamiza ragmen anlam present) (Eğer şu anda yeterli param olsaydı. o gömleği alman için sana biraz verirdim.)

Truth : I will work tomorrow, so I can’t come to the cinema with you. (future) (Yarın çalışacağım. Bu yüzden seninle sinemaya gelemem.)

Conditional Sentence : If I didn’t have to work tomorrow. I would come to the cinema with you. (Past tense kullanmamiza ragmen anlam future’dur.)
(Eger yarın çalışmasaydım, seninle sinemaya gelirdim.)

TYPE 2: IF CLAUSE ile KULLANABİLECEĞİMiZ TENSE’LER

TEMEL CÜMLEDE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR:

a) Would and would be doing:
I’m not rich, so I can’t travel around the world. If I were rich. I would travel around the world.
She doesn’t know French, so she will have trouble on her trip to France. If she knew French, she wouldn’t have trouble on her trip to France.
You have an exam tomorrow, so you are studying hard now.
If you didn’t have an exam tomorrow, you wouldn’t be studying hard now.
1 think the baby is hungry, because she is crying. If she weren’t hungry, she wouldn’t be crying.

b) Could, would be able to, might and would have to
I don’t know any French, so I can’t help you with your French assignment now.
If I knew some French. I could help you with your French assignment now. (meaning: present)
She won’t have any time tomorrow, so she can’t/won’t be able to help me with the cleaning.
If she had some time tomorrow, she could/would be able to help me with the cleaning, (meaning: future)
Tomorrow is a public holiday, so we can/will be able to have a picnic together.
If tomorrow weren’t a public holiday, we couldn’t/wouldn’t be able to have a picnic together.
You can’t get the Job, because you can’t speak Russian.
If you could speak Russian, you might/could get the job. (Perhaps you would get the job…)
Because the prices are very high, we can’t go on holiday this summer.
If the prices weren’t so high, we might go on holiday this summer. (Perhaps we would go…)
She has a test tomorrow, so she has to study tonight.
If she didn’t have a test tomorrow, she wouldn’t have to study tonight.
Because I’m already good at maths, I don’t have to study for the test now. If I weren’t good at maths, I would have to study for the test now.

‘IF li CÜMLEDE KULLANABİLECEĞİMiZ YAPILAR;

a) Past of “be” (was/were)
If clause’da ‘be’ fiili. bütün özneler için “were” biçiminde kullanılır. I, he, she. it için “was” da kullanabiliriz. Ancak, bütün öznelerle “were” kullanımı daha yaygındır.
It is wet now, so we can’t go out for a walk.
If it weren’t wet now, we could go out for a walk, (meaning: present)
They will be out of town next week, so we can’t visit them.
If they weren’t out of town next week, we would/could visit them, (meaning: future)
Although he is disturbed at work, he still keeps working there. If I were him, 1 would stop working there.

b) Past Tense
Anlam present ya da future olduğunda. if clause’da past tense kullanılır.
She doesn’t know that I’ve come back from holiday, so she won’t come to see me tonight.
If she knew that I’d come back from holiday, she would come to see me tonight, (meaning: present)
They won’t come to our party tomorrow, and I’m disappointed.
If they came to our party tomorrow. I would be happy, (meaning: future)
If clause’da anlam future olduğu zaman, simple past yerine was to do/were to do kullanmak da mümkün. Ancak simple past kullanımı daha yaygındır.

c) Past Continuous Tense (was/were doing)
Eğer devam etmekte olan bir eylemin (am/is/are doing) tersini düşünerek koşul cümlesi oluşturuyorsak if clause’da was/ were doing kullanabiliriz.
I’m studying now, so 1 can’t help you.
If I weren’t studying now. I could help you.
(Eğer şu anda çalışıyor olmasaydım, sana yardım edebilirdim.)
The baby is sleeping now. so I can’t go out with you. If the baby weren’t sleeping. 1 would go out with you.
I have to stay home tonight to look after the children, so 1 can’t come to the theatre.
If I didn’t have to stay home to look after the children, I would come to the theatre.
(Eger cocuklara bakmak igin evde kalmak zorunda olmasaydim, tlyatroya gelirdim.)
She doesn’t have to get up early tomorrow, so she doesn’t have to go to bed early tonight.
If she had to get up early tomorrow, she would have to go to bed early tonight.

e) Should
Type 2- If clause’da “should” kullanmak, aynı type 1’de olduğu gibi, olasılığın daha az olduğunu vurgular.
If there were a nuclear war. many living things would disappear from the earth.
If there should be a nuclear war. many living things would disappear from the earth.
If I were to see him tomorrow, I would give him your message. If I should see him tomorrow, I would give him your message.

TYPE-3 : UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PAST

Type 3- if clause, geçmişte olmuş olayların tersini düşünüp, bir koşul ileri sürmek ve bu koşulun sonucunu ifade etmek için kullanılır.

Truth : She didn’t study hard enough, so she didn’t pass the test.

Conditional Sentence : If she had studied hard enough, she would have
passed the test.

Truth : She was late for work, because she didn’t hear her alarm clock ring.

Conditional Sentence : If she bad heard her alarm clock ring, she wouldn’t have been late for work.
(Eğer saatin çaldığını duysaydı/duymuş olsaydı, işe geç kalmazdı.)

Truth : She didn’t warn the child about the boiling kettle, so he burnt himself.

Conditional Sentence : If she bad warned the child about the boiling kettle, he wouldn’t have burnt himself.

TYPE-3 IF CLAUSE ile KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ TENSE’LER

TEMEL CUMLEDE KULLANABiLECEGIMIZ YAPILAR:

a) Would have done and would have been doing
She didn’t work regularly, so she didn’t finish the project in time.
If she had worked regularly, she would have finished the project in time.
She didn’t wear a coat, so she caught a cold.
If she had worn a coat, she wouldn’t have caught a cold.
She started to work late, so she was still working at midnight.
If she had started to work earlier, she wouldn’t have still been working at midnight.

b) Would have had to and would have been able to
No one helped me with the project, so 1 had to work on it until midnight last night.
If someone had helped me with the project. I wouldn’t have had to work on it until midnight last night.
Because I knew the way to the tourist information. I was able to direct the tourists there.
If 1 hadn’t known the way to the tourist Information, I wouldn’t have been able to direct them.
1 ran to the bus stop, so I was able to catch the bus.
If I hadn’t run to the bus stop. I wouldn’t have been able to catch Ihc bus.

c) Might have done (possibility) and could have done (permission and ability)
Because he wasn’t well-qualified, he wasn’t considered for the post.
If he had been well-qualified, he might have been considered for the post. (Perhaps he would have been considered…)
He had the necessary qualifications. So he got the job.
If he hadn’t had the necessary qualifications, he might not have gotten the job. (Perhaps he wouldn’t have gotten the job…)
Because he was extremely nervous during the drjving test, he couldn’t pass it.
If he hadn’t been so nervous during the test, he could have passed it.
1 learnt all the prepositions by heart, so 1 did well on the test.
If I hadn’t leamt all the prepositions by heart, I couldn’t have done well on the test.

“IF’li CÜMLEDE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR

a) Past Perfect Tense
There weren’t enough people, so we had to cancel the meeting. If there had been enough people, we would have held the meeting.
He didn’t obey the speed limit, so he got a ticket for speeding.
If he had obeyed the speed limit, he wouldn’t have gotten a ticket for speeding.

b) Past Perfect Continuous (had been doing)
He wasn’t wearing his seat belt at the time of the accident, so he got badly injured.
If he had been wearing his seat belt at the time of the accident, he wouldn’t have gotten injured so badly.
She was sleeping when I got home, so I couldn’t give her the good news right away.
If she hadn’t been sleeping when I got home. 1 could have given her the good news right away.

c) Had had to and had been able to
I had to work on my project last night, so I missed my favourite programme on TV.
If I hadn’t had to work on my project last night, I could have watched my favourite programme on TV.
She couldn’t get permission from her father to go to the play, so she couldn’t come with us.
If she had been able to get permission from her father to go to the play, she would have been able to come/could have come with us.
They were able to persuade their landlady, so she paid for the burst pipe in the bathroom.
If they hadn’t been able to persuade their landlady, she wouldn’t have paid for the burst pipe in the bathroom.

OTHER CONDITIONALS

PROVIDED/PROVIDING THAT, AS LONG AS/SO LONG AS, ONLY IF
Bu yapılar tense kuralları açısından aynı “if gibi kullanılırlar. Ancak “if’den daha güçlü bir koşul ifade ederler.
You can pass the exam              if            you study hard. (Eğer çok çalışırsan sınavı geçebilirsin.)
You can pass the exam         only if          you study hard.
You can pass the exam   provided (that)    you study hard.
You can pass the exam   providing (that)    you study hard.
You can pass the exam      as long as        you study hard.
You can pass the exam      so long as        you study hard.

UNLESS
Unless, “except on the condition that” anlamını veren bir bağlaçtır. Olumsuz bir anlama sahip olduğu için bağlı bulunduğu cümle genellikle olumlu yapıdadır. Bu nedenle unless, bazı cümlelerde “if …. not” yerine kullanılabilir. Unless daha çok uyan anlamı içeren ifadelerde kullanılır. Type 2- if clause ile kullanimi çok kisitlidir.
You can’t pass the exam if you don’t study. You can’t pass the exam unless you study.
We can’t get to the cinema in time for the beginning of the film unless we leave immediately / if we don’t leave immediately.
Unless you leave home at once, you will be late for work.
The factory will have to be closed down unless the economic situation improves.

Unless’in bağlı bulunduğu cümle genellikle olumludur ancak anlamı olumsuzdur. Unless’den sonra olumsuz bir ifadenin kullanılması çok güçlü bir vurgu belirtir.
Don’t go out in the midday sun unless/except on the condition that you really can’t avoid it.
Don’t go out In the midday sun if you can avoid it.
Bu iki cümle anlamca biribirine yakındir. Ama unless’li cümle güçlü bir uyan. if li cumle ise bir öğüt ifade eder.

EVEN IF
Even if, “… olsa bile. … olmasa bile” anlamını verir. Yani, istenilen koşul yerine gelmese bile, sonuç değişmeyecek demektir. Şu iki cümleyi karşılaştıralım:
If it is cold tomorrow, we won’t go on a picnic. (Eğer yarın hava soğuk olursa pikniğe gitmeyeceğiz.)
Even if it is cold tomorrow, we will go on a picnic. (Yarın hava soğuk olsa bile pikniğe gideceğiz.)
I will forgive him if he apologizes to me. (Eger benden özür dilerse onu bağışlarım.)
I won’t forgive him even if he apologizes to me. (Benden özür dilese bile onu bağışlamayacağım.)

Note: If clause’da kullanılan tense kuralları, even if li için de geçerlidir.
I will go to the party even if they don’t invite me.
I would go to the party even if they didn’t invite me.
I would have gone to the party even if they hadn’t invited me.

WHETHER …OR NOT
Whether … or not “… olsa da. olmasa da” anlaminı verir. Yani istenilen koşul yerine gelse de gelmese de sonucu etkilemeyecek demektir.
I will go to the party whether they invite me or not.
(Beni davet etseler de etmeseler de partiye gideceğim.)

Note: Whether… or not ile even if, anlam yönünden birbirlerine benzerler.
I won’t forgive him whether he apologizes to me or not. 1 won’t forgive him even if he apologizes to me.
You have to help him whether you like him or not. You have to help him even if you don’t like him.
You must hand in your exam papers whether you have finished writing or not.
You must hand in your exam papers even if you haven’t finished writing.

SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING (THAT), ON CONDITION THAT and WHAT IF
Suppose that we miss the train, how else can we get there? If we miss the train, how else can we get there?
Suppose that he deceived you, how would you react? If he deceived you. how would you react?
I can allow you to use my, car on condition that you promise to drive carefully.
You can take my dictionary on condition that you bring it back by Friday.
What if your paycheck doesn’t arrive in time?
What will happen if your paycheck doesn’t arrive in time?
What if he didn’t come tomorrow?
What would happen if he didn’t come tomorrow?
What if you hadn’t learnt the news?
What would have happened if you hadn’t learnt the news?

IN CASE
a) In case : “…olursa diye” anlamını verir. Temel cümlede yapılan eylem, “in case”li cümledeki olabilecek olmasi muhtemel bir başka eyleme karşi bir tür hazirlık ifade eder.
I will take something to eat in case I get hungry during the journey.
I took an umbrella with me in case it rained.
I sent him a second letter in case he hadn’t received the first one.

Note : “In case”, ” if ile karıştırılan bir baglaçtır. Ancak. ikisi farklı anlamlar ifade ederler.
I will go to my mother’s tomorrow in case she needs help for my brother’s wedding preparations.
I will go to my mother’s tomorrow if she needs help for my brother’s wedding preparations.

b) In case’ in cümleye verdiği anlamı başka şekillerde de ifade edebiliriz.
I always put some money aside in case 1 need/should need it urgently.
I always put some money aside because I may need it urgently/because it is possible that I will need it urgently.
I always put some money aside for fear that I may need it urgently.
I wrote my name and address on the suitcase in case I lost it/should lose it.
I wrote my name and address on the suitcase because 1 might lose It/because it was possible that I would lose it/for fear that I would lose it.

c) In case of a noun
“In case of’ dan sonra bir isim gelir ve “… durumunda…” anlamını verir.
In case of emergency, you can call this number.
If there is an emergency, you can call this number. •
The flight’s full, but we’ll put your name on the list, in case of cancellation

“MIXED TIME” IF CLAUSES

“Mixed time” if clause, temel cümledeki tense ile koşul cümlesindeki tense’ in farklı type’ lara ait olduğunu ifade eder. Örneğin koşul cümlesinde type 3 kullanılırken temel cümlede type 2 kullanabiliriz. Ya da tersi. Ancak burada. eylemlerin if clause dışında gerçek tense’lerinin ne olduğuna çok dikkat etmeliyiz.
I spent all my money foolishly, and I am broke now.
If I hadn’t spent all my money foolishly. I wouldn’t be broke now.

Yukandaki örnekte, “I spent all my money foolishly.” cümlesi past tense ile ifade edilmiştir. Yani bu cümleyl type 3 ile ifade edebiliriz. “I’m broke now.” ise present tense’dir ve bu gerçeğin tersini düşündüğümüzde bunu type 2 ile ifade edebiliriz.
He is a rude man, because he rebuked his wife in front of others at the party last night.
If he weren’t a rude man, he wouldn’t have rebuked his wife in front of others at the party last night.

Bu örnekte ise “He is a rude man.’ kişinin genel halini ifade etmektedir ve bunu koşul cümlesine type 2 ile aktarabiliriz. “He rebuked his wife …” cümlesi ise geçmişte olmuş bir olayı ifade ettiği için, bunu da type 3 ile aktarabiliriz.
He didn’t study hard enough for the test, and now he is sorry about the score.
If he had studied hard enough for the test, he wouldn’t be sorry about the score now.
We missed the bus because of you, and now we are waiting here in the rain.
If we hadn’t missed the bus because of you, we wouldn’t be waiting here in the rain now.
I couldn’t get high grades in the quizzes, and now I have to study very hard for the finals.
If I had been able to get high grades in the quizzes, I wouldn’t have to study so hard for the finals now.

OMITTING IF

Koşul cümlelerinde “if kullanmadan devrik cümle yapısını kullanarak, yani yardımcı fiili öznenin önüne getirerek (auxiliary + subject) “if anlamı verebiliriz. Olumsuz cümlede “not” özneden sonra gelir.

a) Type 1
Type 1 if clause’ları devrik yapmak için Should + Subject yapısı kullanılır.
If you need any help, don’t hesitate to call me.          Should you need any help, don’t hesitate to call me.
He can improve his English if he goes abroad next summer.          Should he go abroad next summer, he can improve his English.
If you don’t pay your bills in time, you may get into trouble.              Should you not pay your bills in time, you may get into trouble.

b) Type 2
Type 2 if clause’lar: “be” fiili bulunan cümleler için “were + subject”, diğer fiiller için ise “were + subject + to do” kullanarak devrik yapılır.
If I were you, I would forgive him.             Were I you, I would forgive him.
I would feel happy now if he were here.               I would feel happy now were he here.
If you weren’t busy right now, we could go out for a walk.           Were you not busy right now, we could go out for a walk.
I would give him your message if I saw him tomorrow.             Were I to see him tomorrow, I would give him your message.
I would miss the bus if I didn’t leave now.           Were I not to leave now, I would miss the bus.

c) Type 3
Type 3 if clause’ları Had + subject biçiminde devrik yapabiliriz.
If he had been more careful, he wouldn’t have had an accident.       Had he been more careful, he wouldn’t have had an accident.
If he had been driving more carefully, he wouldn’t be in hospital now.           Had he been driving more carefully, he wouldn’t be in hospital now.
If he hadn’t forgotten about the meeting, he would have gone there.             Had he not forgotten about the meeting, he would have gone there.
If he hadn’t driven me crazy. I wouldn’t have punished him.        Had he not driven me crazy. I wouldn’t have punished him.

“OTHERWISE” or “OR (ELSE)” (Aksi takdirde, Yoksa)

You have to hurry: otherwise, you will miss the bus.
(If you don’t hurry, you will miss the bus.)

• You must study hard, or (else) you won’t pass the exam.
  (If you don’t study hard, you won’t pass the exam.)
• She must be very happy: otherwise she wouldn’t be laughing so uproariously.
  (If she weren’t very happy, she wouldn’t be laughing so uproariously.)
• He must be studying hard, or (else) he wouldn’t get such high marks.
  (If he weren’t studying hard, he wouldn’t get such high marks.)
• I must have forgotten to set my alarm clock: otherwise, it would have gone off at 7 this morning.
  (If 1 had set my alarm clock, it would have gone off at 7 this morning.)
• She didn’t tell him the truth, or (else) he would have gotten angry with her.
  (If she had told him the truth, he would have gotten angry with her.)